Better Together: Leveraging Unpaired Multimodal Data for Stronger Unimodal Models

Traditional multimodal learners find unified representations for tasks like visual question answering, but rely heavily on large paired datasets. However, an overlooked yet potentially powerful question is: can one leverage auxiliary $\textit{unpaired}$ multimodal data to directly enhance representation learning in a $\textit{target}$ modality? We introduce $\textbf{UML}$: $\textbf{U}$npaired $\textbf{M}$ultimodal $\textbf{L}$earner, a modality-agnostic training paradigm in which a single model alternately processes inputs from different modalities while sharing parameters across them. This design exploits the assumption that different modalities are projections of a shared underlying reality, allowing the model to benefit from cross-modal structure without requiring explicit pairs. Theoretically, under linear data-generating assumptions, we show that unpaired auxiliary data can yield representations strictly more informative about the world than unimodal training. Empirically, we show that incorporating unpaired data that share underlying semantic information from auxiliary modalities—such as text, audio, or images—consistently improves downstream performance across diverse unimodal targets such as image and audio. Our project page: https://unpaired-multimodal.github.io/