Discovering Temporally Compositional Neural Manifolds with Switching Infinite GPFA

Gaussian Process Factor Analysis (GPFA) is a powerful latent variable model for extracting low-dimensional manifolds underlying population neural activities. However, one limitation of standard GPFA models is that the number of latent factors needs to be pre-specified or selected through heuristic-based processes, and that all factors contribute at all times. We propose the infinite GPFA model, a fully Bayesian non-parametric extension of the classical GPFA by incorporating an Indian Buffet Process (IBP) prior over the factor loading process, such that it is possible to infer a potentially infinite set of latent factors, and the identity of those factors that contribute to neural firings in a compositional manner at \textit{each} time point. Learning and inference in the infinite GPFA model is performed through variational expectation-maximisation, and we additionally propose scalable extensions based on sparse variational Gaussian Process methods. We empirically demonstrate that the infinite GPFA model correctly infers dynamically changing activations of latent factors on a synthetic dataset. By fitting the infinite GPFA model to population activities of hippocampal place cells during spatial tasks with alternating random foraging and spatial memory phases, we identify novel non-trivial and behaviourally meaningful dynamics in the neural encoding process.